Dr Daniel De Backer

• Dpt of Intensive Care
• Erasme University Hospital
• Universit? Libre de Bruxelles
• 808 Route de Lennik
• B-1070 Brussels (Belgium)

The effects of methylphenidate on cognitive function in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder anti virus ware for mac buy on line atacand. Evaluation of acute cardiovascular effects of immediate-release methylphenidate in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder hiv infection symptoms within 24 hours generic 16 mg atacand overnight delivery. Audi to ry Processing Assessment in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: An Open Study Examining Methylphenidate Effects anti viral ear infection purchase atacand mastercard. The effects of methylphenidate on refraction and anterior segment parameters in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder antiviral breastfeeding order discount atacand line. A 4-year follow-up of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a population sample. Two different solicitation methods for obtaining information on adverse events associated with methylphenidate in adolescents: a 12-week multicenter, open label study. Variability of response time as a predic to r of methylphenidate treatment response in korean children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. First clinical trial of to mographic neurofeedback in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evaluation of voluntary cortical control. Coherence training in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: cognitive functions and behavioral changes. An explora to ry study of the effectiveness of group narrative therapy on the school behavior of girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity symp to ms. Physician perception of clinical improvement in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a post hoc comparison of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and mixed amphetamine salts extended release in a crossover analog classroom study. The Unique and Combined Effects of Reinforcement and Methylphenidate on Temporal Information Processing in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Effectiveness of Cognitive-Functional (Cog-Fun) occupational therapy intervention for young children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a controlled study. A to moxetine in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a 6-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in Russia. Distinguishing between autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder by using behavioral checklists, cognitive assessments, and neuropsychological test battery. Differential oscilla to ry electroencephalogram between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder subtypes and typically developing adolescents. A cohort study of the risk of seizures in a pediatric population treated with a to moxetine or stimulant medications. Positive effects of methylphenidate on hyperactivity are moderated by monoaminergic gene variants in children with autism spectrum disorders. Sex subgroup analysis of treatment response to lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in children aged 6 to 12 years with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. An eight-week, open-trial, pilot feasibility study of trigeminal nerve stimulation in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Role of plasma fatty acids in Egyptian children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Intervention for executive functions in attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Remission Is Linked to Better Neurophysiological Error Detection and Attention-Vigilance Processes. Sex differences in effectiveness of extended-release stimulant medication among adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Buspirone versus methylphenidate in the treatment of children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: randomized double-blind study. Amantadine versus methylphenidate in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, double-blind trial. Memantine versus methylphenidate in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A double-blind, randomized clinical trial. A Comparison of Effectiveness of Parent Behavioral Management Training and Methylphenidate on Reduction of Symp to msof Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Evaluation of a to moxetine for first-line treatment of newly diagnosed, treatment-naive children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Which Kindergarten Children Are at Greatest Risk for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity and Conduct Disorder Symp to ma to logy as Adolescentsfi. Anxiety and methylphenidate in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind placebo-drug trial. Slow oscillating transcranial direct current stimulation during non-rapid eye movement sleep improves behavioral inhibition in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropharmacological effect of a to moxetine on attention network in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during oddball paradigms as assessed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Neuropharmacological effect of methylphenidate on attention network in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during oddball paradigms as assessed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Functional outcomes from a head- to -head, randomized, double-blind trial of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate and a to moxetine in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and an inadequate response to methylphenidate. Cardiovascular safety of medication treatments for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Randomized, double-blind trial of guanfacine extended release in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: morning or evening administration. Effects of neurofeedback versus stimulant medication in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized pilot study. Predicting acute side effects of stimulant medication in pediatric attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: data from quantitative electroencephalography, event-related potentials, and a continuous-performance test. Combined methylphenidate and a to moxetine pharmacotherapy in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A 4-year follow-up study of attention-deficit hyperactivity symp to ms, comorbidities, and psychostimulant use in a Brazilian sample of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Use of sero to nin norepinephrine reuptake inhibi to rs in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in pediatrics. Baseline severity of parent-perceived inattentiveness is predictive of the difference between subjective and objective methylphenidate responses in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The metabotropic glutamate recep to r subtype 7 rs3792452 polymorphism is associated with the response to methylphenidate in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158-Met polymorphism and a response of hyperactive-impulsive symp to ms to methylphenidate: A replication study from South Korea. Iron Deficiency Parameters in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Single and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of methylphenidate administered as methylphenidate transdermal system or osmotic-release oral system methylphenidate to children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Exercise improves behavioral, neurocognitive, and scholastic performance in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Methylphenidate does not improve interference control during a working memory task in young patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Transcranial oscilla to ry direct current stimulation during sleep improves declarative memory consolidation in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder to a level comparable to healthy controls. The pharmacological management of oppositional behaviour, conduct problems, and Aggression in children and adolescents with Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Quantitative electroencephalography as a diagnostic aid for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Efficacy of cognitive retraining techniques in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Stimulant treatment and injury among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: an application of the self-controlled case series study design. Minimizing adverse events while maintaining clinical improvement in a pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder crossover trial with dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate. Clinical gains from including both dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate in stimulant trials. Randomized controlled trial of osmotic-release methylphenidate with cognitive-behavioral therapy in adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders. Is Physical Activity Causally Associated With Symp to ms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorderfi.

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Cross References Hallucination; Illusion Palinopsia Palinopsia is an illusory visual phenomenon characterized by the persistence or recurrence of visual images immediately after the stimulus has been removed hiv infection real stories buy 16 mg atacand with visa, hence visual perseveration hiv infection rate switzerland order cheap atacand line. Palinopsia occurs most frequently in the context of a left homonymous hemi anopia stages of hiv infection ppt buy cheap atacand 8mg line, secondary to right occipi to temporal or occipi to parietal lesions: these may be vascular stages for hiv infection discount atacand 8 mg overnight delivery, neoplastic, metabolic, ictal, or drug or to xin-induced. Induction of the refiex by stimulation of areas other than the palm is more likely to be associated with cerebral damage. Papilloedema Papilloedema is swelling (oedema) of the optic nerve head due to raised intracra nial pressure (cf. Enlargement of the blind spot and con striction of the visual field may be evident, but visual acuity is often unimpaired (cf. Some authorities reserve the term for spontaneous rather than evoked positive sensory phenomena, as a distinction from dysaesthesia. Paraesthesia is a more reliable indica to r of the diagnosis of neuropathy than pain. It should be remem bered that many movements previously thought to conform to this definition have subsequently been recognized to have an organic basis. This type of muscle stiffness may also be sensitive to temperature, being made worse by cooling which may also provoke muscle weakness. Symp to matic treatment with membrane-stabilizing agents like mexiletine and to cainide or with the carbonic anhydrase inhibi to r acetazolamide might be tried. Paramyo to nia congenita and hyper kalaemic periodic paralysis are linked to the adult muscle sodium channel gene. This may result from lesions anywhere from cerebral cortex (frontal, parasagittal lesions) to peripheral nerves, producing either an upper mo to r neu rone (spastic) or lower mo to r neurone (fiaccid) picture. These may be further classified as: Semantic or categoric: substitution of a different exemplar from the same category. This may result from lower mo to r neurone lesions involving multiple nerve roots and/or peripheral nerves. The key ana to mical substrates, damage to which causes the syndrome, are probably the intersti tial nucleus of Cajal and the nucleus of the posterior commissure and their projections. The incidence of parkinsonism increases dramatically with age; it is also associated with an increased risk of death, particularly in the presence of a gait disturbance. There may be a sense that the patient is strug gling against these displays of emotion, in contrast to the situation in other forms of emotional lability where there is said to be congruence of mood and affect, although sudden fiuctuations and exaggerated emotional expression are common to both, suggesting a degree of overlap. Peliopsia, Pelopsia Peliopsia or pelopsia is a form of metamorphopsia characterized by the misper ception of objects as closer to the observer than they really are (cf. In acquired causes such as multiple sclerosis, this may pro duce oscillopsia and blurred vision. Cross References Nystagmus; Oscillopsia Percussion Myo to nia Percussion myo to nia is the myo to nic response of a muscle to a mechanical stim ulus. For example, a blow to the thenar eminence may produce involuntary and sustained fiexion of the thumb. This -273 P Periodic Alternating Nystagmus response, which may be seen in myo to nic dystrophy, refiects the impaired muscle relaxation which characterizes myo to nia. This sometimes follows a period of anosognosia and may coexist with a degree of anosodiaphoria; it is much more commonly seen with left hemiplegia. A similar phenomenon may occur with amputated limbs, and it has been reported in a functional limb weakness. Surgical treatment of pes cavus may be necessary, espe cially if there are secondary deformities causing pain, skin breakdown, or gait problems. These are signs of compression of the median nerve at the wrist (carpal tunnel syndrome). Reorganization of cortical connections follow ing amputation may explain phan to m phenomena such as representation of a hand on the chest or face, for which there is also evidence from functional brain imaging. Phan to m Vision this name has been given to visual hallucinations following eye enucleation, by analogy with somaesthetic sensation experienced in a phan to m limb after amputation. Similar phenomena may occur after acute visual loss and may over lap with phan to m chroma to psia. Unformed or simple hallucinations are more common than formed or complex hallucinations. They suggest dysfunction in the inferome dial occipital lobe, such as migraine or an epilep to genic lesion. This normal plantar response is a superficial cutaneous refiex, analo gous to abdominal and cremasteric refiexes, whereas the pathological response is often accompanied by activity in other fiexor muscles. Differentiation from the striatal to e seen in parkinsonian syndromes is also important. The plantar response may be elicited in a variety of other ways which are not in routine clinical use. Polyopia may occur as part of the visual aura of migraine and has also been associated with occipital and occipi to -parietal lesions, bilateral or confined to the non-dominant hemisphere, and with drug abuse. It has also been described in disease of the retina and optic nerve and occasionally in normal individuals. The pathophysiology is unknown; suggestions include a defect of visual fixation or of visual integration; the latter may refiect pure occipital cortical dysfunction. Cross References Au to matism; Seizures Porropsia Porropsia, or teliopsia, is a form of metamorphopsia characterized by the mis perception of objects as farther away from the observer than they really are (cf. However, abnormalities in these refiexes are of relatively little diagnostic value except in infants. Pushing the patient forward may likewise provoke propulsion or festination, but this manoeuvre is less safe since the examiner will not be placed to catch the patient should they begin to to pple over.

How do rates of mental health and cognitive conditions difier among troops deployed to Afghanistan how hiv infection is diagnosed order cheap atacand, those deployed to Iraq hiv infection overview purchase 8mg atacand with visa, and nondeployed troopsfi This chapter reviews and describes the best available data on the prevalence of mental health and cognitive conditions endured by servicemembers in the current con fiicts hiv infection 2 years order atacand canada. Comparisons of prevalence rates obtained across these assessments may provide unique insights in to mental health and cognitive conditions in the military in general and how the experience of these conditions may be related to deployment hiv infection rates caribbean generic atacand 4mg overnight delivery. In sum, this chapter describes the current landscape of mental health and cognitive conditions among servicemembers of the military deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq, in hopes of highlighting where future problems, vulnerabilities, and resource needs may lie. Keywords were used to search titles, abstracts, and the text of articles, and there were no publication-year restrictions. When more than one article presented preva lence information on the same sample, we chose the earliest-published article. Ref erence lists of pertinent articles identified in database searches were examined in a cited reference search that identified government reports as well as other peer-reviewed articles. Studies were considered eligible for inclusion only if the study population included U. Knowing the methods used to identify cases is impor tant for understanding how to interpret study results. We then provide an overview of the prevalence estimates from studies that have assessed servicemembers before deploy ment, in theater, and upon returning from deployment. We proceed to then identify and elaborate upon themes that emerged from an analysis of the group of studies as a whole. Diagnostic interviews may be either fully structured (administered by trained lay interviewers) or semi-structured (administered by clinicians) (Jablensky, 2002). The validity of a screening to ol can be measured by its sensitivity, or the proportion of persons with a given condition correctly identified by the screening to ol as having the condition, and its specificity, or the proportion of persons without a condition correctly identified by the screening to ol as not having the condition. For most screening to ols, there is typically a trade-ofi between sensitivity and specificity, and choosing one to ol over another should be based on the ultimate goal of the research. Tus, researchers need to decide whether the goal of their research is to identify all possible cases or only to iden tify true cases, or something in between the two. Defining a Case Since the methods of detection vary across studies, it is important to understand the way each defines a case in order to be able to interpret the results appropriately. Diagnostic interviews are typically considered the gold standard, the most accurate way to identify cases (Jablensky, 2002). In the studies we identified, diagnostic interviews have not been used, with the exception of one study of Dutch Army troops deployed to Iraq (Engelhard et al. Nineteen studies used screening to ols, and three relied on diagnostic codes or other types of information from medical records. Respondents were asked to rate the degree to which they were bothered by each symp to m on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 5 (extremely) for a specified period of time, typically, over the past 30 days. Symp to ms were considered to have been experienced if respondents indicated that they had been bothered by each to a moderate degree. Response options include not at all (=0), several days (=1), more than half the days (=2), or nearly every day (=3) during a specified period of time, typically in the past two weeks. Cases of major depression can be iden tified when respondents report five or more of the nine items as occurring more than half the days or nearly every day, including reports of either depressed mood or anhe donia (defined as loss of pleasure in once-pleasurable activities). Imposing the functional-impairment requirement in addition to report ing five or more symp to ms has not been validated against clinical interviews. It is vir tually inevitable, however, that these screening criteria would be less sensitive, although they may be more specific, because they raise the threshold for detecting a case. Tus, this approach would not identify a substantial number of persons with major depres sion, meaning that they would be excluded from prevalence estimates. Using this approach, nearly all actual cases of major depression are correctly identified as having the dis order (sensitivity >0. The scoring methods used for both scales correctly identify the same proportion of persons with depression (established sensitivities=0. A positive response to one of these questions is valid for identifying cases of major depression with a sensitivity of 0. Mental and Cognitive Conditions in Theater In July 2003 and three times thereafter (July 2004, 2005, and 2006), the U. Army Surgeon General chartered Mental Health Advisory Teams to produce reports on mental health issues related to deployment to Iraq. Note, however, that over the course of these multiple assess ments in theater, the nature of the confiicts changed. Tus, the nature of the risks confronting a servicemember during this confiict changed over time. Mental and Cognitive Conditions Post-Deployment The remaining studies estimated the prevalence of mental health and cognitive condi tions post-deployment, but they varied with respect to the average interval between returning from deployment and assessment. In April 2003, the Department of Defense (DoD) mandated that, immediately upon returning from deployment, all servicemembers complete a Post Deployment Health Assessment questionnaire. Servicemembers generally fill out these questionnaires before leaving the country in which they are deployed or within two weeks of returning home (Hoge, Auchterlonie, and Milliken, 2006). In addition, many symp to ms of psychiatric disorders may develop over time and not be present immediately upon returning. The proportion screening positive for depression among this cohort also increased from 5 percent to 10 percent among Active Component Army soldiers and from 4 percent to 13 percent among members of the Army Reserve Component (Milliken, Auchterlonie, and Hoge, 2007). The other longitudinal study was of soldiers from three Dutch infantry army battalions assessed at five and 15 months after returning from Iraq. Abt Asso ciates mailed surveys between July and December 2004 to military personnel in the Active Component who had deployed to Iraq on or after January 2003 and returned from theater by February 2004, meaning that assessments generally occurred between six and 12 months after returning from deployment. As with those studies using medical records, these studies are also likely to include servicemembers with widely ranging intervals since returning. To our knowledge, those estimates have not yet been presented in peer-reviewed publications and thus may be less reliable. At Fort Irwin, also in California, 1,490 soldiers were screened, and almost 12 percent sufiered concus sions during their combat to urs (Zoroya, 2006). Research on the prevalence of traumatic brain injury among returning troops is sparse. Although identifying penetrat ing brain injuries is a relatively straightforward procedure, estimating the prevalence of closed head injuries (when an object hits the head but does not break the skull) and primary blast injuries (injuries caused by wave-induced changes in atmospheric pres sure) is dificult, even though such injuries are anecdotally noted as extremely prevalent among returning servicemembers (Warden, 2006; Murray et al. In the two peer-reviewed studies we found that examined prevalence of brain injury, Vasterling et al. In addition, uniform screenings are being conducted among all those returning to Fort Carson in Colorado from deployment. When released, the results of these screenings will be important sources of data, although some may have limited utility. Prevalence estimates based on screenings conducted among those who have been medically evacuated may overlook persons with mild- to -moderate closed head injuries (Warden, 2006), and those con ducted among servicemembers returning to Fort Carson may not be generalizable to personnel returning to other military bases. The failure of these criteria alone to identify a substantial number of individuals with these two conditions who may need treatment and other services is why most epidemiological studies of civilians use criteria that is more sensitive but less specific, such as symp to m-cluster criteria.

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