Stuart Grossman, M.D.

• Co-Director, Brain Cancer Research Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center
• Professor of Oncology

https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/0003883/stuart-grossman

Some people may be reluctant to test if vaccination has not already been undertaken women's health clinic jackson hole buy provera toronto. They may believe that it will be Coping with a positive result impossible to keep results private and they may Previous ways of coping with crises may indicate hold well-founded fears of discrimination women's health obamacare provera 5mg generic, social how the person will cope with a positive test result menstruation vs ovulation purchase provera with american express. In cases where high-risk practices or clinical features are suggestive the window period of infection women's health lichi buy provera paypal, in-depth discussion of these issues may Explain this concept and its possible implications. The need for assistance from other agencies may arise during the pre-test discussion and clinicians need to Avoid information overload have a low threshold for referral to specialist agencies. For example, when assessing patients with a history Give the patient time to process and react to the of injecting drug use, issues related to homelessness, information. While pre-test discussion may seem time consuming, practice ensures that time is used efciently within Enlist available supports the primary care context. Arrange a may not be relevant to every patient each time he or follow-up appointment during the next 2 days and she presents for testing, but assumptions regarding ofer an after-hours phone contact number. Such discussions may also be disclosure and privacy can be difcult, and the valuable in informing the broader community about clinician may caution the patient about widely recent changes in the diagnosis and management disclosing his or her positive status during the frst of these viruses. It is important to establish messages that may not have been heard in the with people the manner in which they wish to receive context of the shock of receiving a positive result. Positive results should always be given in person, Reinforce prevention message including except in very specifc circumstances. It is also a good opportunity Assess patient readiness to receive the result to discuss treatments and their role in reducing the the person may be asked whether he or she has risks of transmission. Managing a positive result State the result clearly Much of the initial management of a new blood-borne Some people confuse a positive result with a good virus diagnosis is psychosocial. Seek consent to repeat the test for confrmation Chapters 10, 11, 12 and 13 discuss the initial and Mistakes in labelling at the surgery or in the laboratory ongoing assessment, monitoring and management are rare but they still do occur. For example, First post-test consultation a negative result after a high-risk encounter may reinforce a sense of invincibility among young people, Establish rapport and assess readiness for the result especially young men. This result Issues of disclosure can be a source of great uncertainty and anxiety for the patient. Clinicians may need to consult pathology Assessment of contact tracing process and difculties encountered laboratory staf or the National Serology Reference Laboratory for specialist advice in interpreting Access to life insurance may be afected indeterminate results. Specifc tests for each Workplace implications blood-borne virus have diferent types of equivocal Impact of other issues (eg. Further tests for viral Inform the patient of the result antigens may be indicated to test for the presence of infection and should be performed in consultation Tell the patient that he or she does not have the with a specialist clinician. If appropriate, discuss the window period antibody tests does not progress over approximately and make an appointment for re-testing. Educate the patient about ongoing risk-taking the result is likely to remain indeterminate due to the presence of non-specifc reactivity in the test. Thus a clinician can take a second sample soon after Discuss the role of drugs and alcohol in risk taking, the frst to determine the progression. However, to as well as how and where to access condoms and be sure to address absolutely the fears of the person clean injecting equipment. Factors such as pregnancy, past blood and where there are barriers to accessing traditional transfusions, intercurrent viral infections, autoimmune health care). This should be considered if there is clinical with 2% in the non-Indigenous population) between or biochemical evidence of active liver disease. Most use a fnger-prick of blood, but others are designed for use with venous the primary objective of the Third National blood samples, saliva or mouth fuid. For such reasons it is often wise to place the test out of sight while it is Facilitating this goal may involve: being conducted. This may not be adequate for incorporate local patterns of transmission and some people who may have co-existing psychiatric modes of disease prevention. Education around morbidity, s u c h as undiagnosed obsessive compulsive the potential for blood-to-blood transmission in disorder, and may need referral for specialist counselling traditional ceremonial practices may be or psychiatric assessment. Unfortunately, most will particularly relevant in some Indigenous settings not avail themselves of the opportunity for further and discussion should incorporate this information counselling or treatment, and such patients can in an appropriate manner. Special attention population and may alter disease progression should be paid to the psychosocial aspects of and management. Discussion should include an assessment of the Other cross cultural issues negative efects of diagnosis. Sydney: the Kirby Institute, the University of New South Wales; to reduce the risk of transmission and breastfeeding 2013. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins prenatal population undergoing routine voluntary human University School of Medicine; 2012. Antenatal testing zidovudine in reducing perinatal transmission of human and blood-borne viruses. Management of Hepatitis B in pediatric infection independent of an efect on levels of Pregnancy C-Obs 50. The general disease management and (recommended) practitioner is able to collaborate with available monitoring specialist care. Assessment of family from a diverse mix of cultures, sexualities, social relationships and social support should be conducted. Patients who lack supportive and established before the discussion of treatment options trusting relationships will be isolated and vulnerable, and transmission prevention. Use of drugs and alcohol should be explored in a In addition to psychosocial issues related directly to non-judgmental way. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander, Issues of family and children may be of particular Maori and Cultural and Linguistically 4,5 concern. The purpose of the Anwernekenhe National Aboriginal generally unwarranted (Chapter 14). Community participation and cultural input are central to better health for people from culturally the primary care clinician should screen for mental diverse backgrounds (see. Access to these groups be arranged to undertake a structured assessment difer around Australia. Psychosocial assessment is a process that may take many Cervical pap smear consultations and is ongoing. She presents seeking treatment for a problem of Screens for infections such as toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma IgG), vaginal discharge. Live vaccination should be avoided in patients Access to care and services: How can Mpendwa aford to who are immunosuppressed or not currently taking purchase antiretroviral therapy as she is not on Medicarefi Patients with signifcant immunosuppression may develop organic brain disease and consideration of Available resources mental health implications in this context is warranted. These test results enable the clinician to at an average rate of 60-80 cells/fiL per year. A signifcant change in viral load is an toxoplasmosis, oesophageal candidiasis, increase or decrease of greater than 0.

Syndromes

• Rapid or abnormal heart beat
• Infectious disease -- infections affecting the tissues of any part of the body
• Cataracts
• Lung disease
• Spread of infection to the brain or other parts of the body
• You will usually be asked not to drink or eat anything for 6 - 12 hours before the procedure.
• Medicine called a chelator that tries to remove merthiolate from the body over time
• Items such as jewelry, watches, credit cards, and hearing aids can be damaged.
• Blood clot in the kidneys
• Urine tests

Contrary to a voluntary license menopause constipation buy 10 mg provera mastercard, a compulsory license can be issued by a government to allow a local company to manufacture the patented product or to import it under certain conditions menstruation tumblr cheap provera on line. The procedure to grant a compulsory license is women's health of niagara order provera 5mg with mastercard, however women's health center doylestown order provera on line amex, governed by the respective national (patent) law, which has to defne the specifc grounds for which a compulsory license can be granted as well as the procedure to be followed. Under a compulsory licence, countries can choose whether they want to import or locally produce the medicine. The system also includes provisions that can support the production or importation of medicines at the regional level. Obtaining a market authorization for a generic import, however, would have been problematic. European legislation prevents generic applicants, for at least eight years, from relying on the clinical trial data of the originator company to document the safety and effcacy of their product. This prevents the registration of generic sofosbuvir, for example, even in the absence of a patent or a compulsory license. Thus, unless the generic applicant reproduces its own data by conducting new clinical trials, which would be very costly and time-consuming (and raise ethical concerns), it will not be able to enter the market in the absence of a marketing authorization even if a compulsory license is granted, unless this compulsory license also waives the data exclusivity. Furthermore, experiences from middle-income countries that have used standard compulsory licenses show that they are likely to face political pressure by other countries as well as the pharmaceutical industry and its lobby groups. Procurement Sound procurement mechanisms are a prerequisite to ensure the availability and affordability of essential medicines in general. While it is beyond the scope of this report to describe the characteristics and principles of a good pharmaceutical procurement scheme, pooling procurement is one option that is highlighted. Pooled procurement, whereby several countries negotiate prices as one entity, can be more effcient and allows countries to get volume-based discounts. Well-planned procurement and effcient pharmaceutical production is aided by reliable information on the projected treatment needs. Some countries have negotiated with originator companies, but even so, prices remain high, leading to treatment prioritization or rationing. Civil society groups in some middle-income countries have fled patent oppositions. In some countries where the patent situation allows for it, local production of generics has resulted in lower prices. Rwanda is an example of a low-income country that is developing a national treatment programme. Initially, the virus was spread through reuse of syringes in a national anti-schistosomiasis campaign. Thus, improving infection control remains a major challenge and a prerequisite for controlling the spread of the virus. Over 90% of Egyptians with hepatitis C are infected with genotype 4, which simplifes treatment selection and procurement (89). Almost 88% of treated patients were sponsored by the government whereas 12% of patients paid out of pocket. Generic competition and local production Generic competition is the most effective way to drive down prices for medicines. Argentina is a high-income country, and therefore not included in voluntary licensing agreements. Sofosbuvir is registered by the originator company in Argentina but is not under patent as the applications are under review. However, costs of the generic product are still high as compared with other countries and suppliers. Whether local production can continue in the long run depends on the outcome of the patent examination procedure. The country is currently developing a national strategy and updating its treatment guidelines. The primary patents for sofosbuvir, ledipasvir and daclatasvir were not fled in Morocco, allowing for local production and importation of generic products. While Morocco was not included in the initial license agreement on sofosbuvir, ledipasvir and velpatasvir, it was added when the geographical scope was expanded. Local companies have used this situation to enter the market with generic products. Pakistan is included in the voluntary licencing territories for sofosbuvir and daclatasvir, and can thus also procure generic products from the respective licensees. Sofosbuvir is already available through the private sector, sold by local and foreign companies that signed the license agreements. In the private sector, 47 035 people were treated with a sofosbuvir-based regimen from August 2014 through January 2016, and nearly 37 000 people have started treatment since February 2016. Civil society advocacy fuels negotiations In Thailand, civil society groups have been lobbying for access to hepatitis C medicines for nearly a decade. Brazil concluded pricing negotiations with originator companies and later engaged in joined negotiations with the Mercosur countries and their Associated States (83). Effcient regulatory processes for rapid scale up Rwanda is the only low-income country to have registered sofosbuvir, daclatasvir and sofosbuvir/ ledipasvir at the time the survey was conducted. Although the country faces many challenges (lack of awareness, limited access to diagnostics and treatment, need for provider education), rapid progress has been made. Starting out In January 2016, the Philippines MoH convened a Technical Working Group on Viral Hepatitis. The country is included in the licensing agreements for sofosbuvir, sofosbuvir/ledipasvir, sofosbuvir/velpatasvir and daclatasvir, and thus can procure generic products from the licensees. While patents for sofosbuvir have been fled and one granted, the patent situation for daclatasvir is likely to allow for import or local production independent of the license agreement (see Table 3. Sofosbuvir was registered by the originator company in mid-2015, and registration for sofosbuvir/ledipasvir was fled in 2015. Building on a national plan and adopting treatment guidelines Treatment guidelines provide a framework for standardized treatment and quality care, and facilitate reimbursement. The treatment programme was expanded to cover prisoners and then the general population. It prepared a comprehensive national programme, including prevention, surveillance and data management systems, assessment of laboratory capacity and drug procurement, and training. Georgia plans to expand treatment coverage to 20 000 people per year, using a sofosbuvir-based regimen under the donation programme. The Georgia programme includes strict anti-diversion measures that may compromise adherence and treatment outcomes. It is important that anti-diversion measures do not impede access or lead to discrimination (see Box 4. Anti-diversion measures the existing large price discrepancies and lack of access to affordable medicines increase the possibility of product diversion from countries where treatment is less expensive to countries where it is more expensive. Pharmaceutical companies, national treatment programmes and private distributors thus implement what are called anti-diversion measures. Possible specifc measures include product packaging that is specifc to the treatment programme, different trade names, different colour of tablets and electronic tracking tools. However, it is important that anti-diversion measures operate within the bounds of medical ethics. Source: Guidelines for the screening, care and treatment of persons with chronic hepatitis C infection. In addition, the primary patent for daclatasvir and most of the relevant secondary patents have not been fled in Indonesia (see Table 3.

Where possible women's health northeast order 5mg provera otc, we time that must have elapsed between occurrences adjusted for underreporting using estimates from of the infection in the health care utilization data to epidemiologic studies menstrual cycle age 7 provera 10mg lowest price. Sex-specifc diferences in disease burden are discussed further in Common bacterial infections section 3 breast cancer jobs purchase provera on line. The top three syndromes (pneumonia women's health clinic in amarillo tx quality 5 mg provera, for females was more than twice as high (Exhibit 3. Nor does the dominance of mortality over individuals due to the use of age-weighting and individual diseases on population health. Whereas patients with Given this uncertainty, we hesitate to recommend conditions. For Ontario Burden of Infectious Disease Study Chapter 3 / Overall Results and Interpretation Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion example, S. Communicability is exemplifed by diferences in the sex-specifc burden for a number of several of the top pathogens in Ontario, such as individual pathogens and syndromes. Tese data are an important means infectious diseases are caused by bacteria that would appear to relate to psychosocial rather than to quantify the potential benefts of new vaccine constitute part of the normal fora of the skin, mouth, biological factors. They can also help defne the potential bacteria, more than the number of human cells in including unprotected sexual intercourse (among beneft of other pathogen-specifc prevention and the body. They do not, however, refect the men who have sex with men, as well as heterosexual and other gram-negative bacteria are responsible for sexual encounters) and injection drug use. Other historical change in burden due to current vaccines nearly 11,000 potential years of life lost per year in explanations for sex-specifc diferences may include a against infectious diseases. Preventing transmission of more virulent greater tendency for health-seeking behaviour among In addition, our data outline the infectious disease or drug-resistant strains between individuals may women,30 a longer average life expectancy for women syndromes with the highest burden, including help to reduce a portion of disease burden from (more potential years of life to lose) and diferences pneumonia, septicaemia and urinary tract infections. For example, many methods of preventing minimizing the use of urinary and vascular catheters pneumonia, such as smoking cessation, are not among hospitalized patients can help prevent some pathogen-specifc. Syndrome-based data may actually of the kidney and bloodstream infections caused by be more accurate for conditions for which a causative these bacteria. Ontario Burden of Infectious Disease Study Chapter 3 / Overall Results and Interpretation Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion 36 3. Among the The Population Health Impact of Disease in Canada to the attention they receive in the popular media. Our data must be interpreted both as a measure infectious agents characterized by longer disease of past interventions and a compass for future courses. For example, the low burden of partially to historic trends and/or imported only approximately one-quarter of the burden of measles, mumps, rubella, polio, diphtheria and infections; therefore, a proportion of these burdens cancer in Ontario, it is important to highlight that tetanus should be considered strong evidence of the may not necessarily represent current targets for the data sources used to capture cancer incidence importance and success of vaccination programs. The seven Tese limitations may exist when estimating cancer disability weights (Appendix B). Using the burden common infectious diseases were ranked in a similar incidence and mortality, although probably not per capita estimates, we can compare the burden of order between the two studies, with the exception to the extent of infectious diseases. Strategies that reduce would expect, the magnitude of burden attributable high in Australia than in Ontario. An outline of the data sources and methods used description of the methods and results to calculate disease burden. A discussion of some of the most pertinent limitations for calculating the pathogen-specifc disease burden. GramGroup A streptococcus Haemophilus influenzae negative bacteria other than E. Most of the disease Neisseria meningitidis burden from common bacterial infections was from Other gram-negative bacteria premature mortality. Variable levels of resistance have emerged cases) and the duration of each health state. Ontario Burden of Infectious Disease Study Chapter 4 / Methods and Results by Infectious Agent Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion Exhibit 4. Estimated burden Limitations We estimated annual averages of 632 deaths and Tese estimates for the burden of S. The burden was slightly higher in arising from the assignment of non-specifc events more virulent than other leading causes of meningitis females compared to males. Most of the burden was in Ontario vital statistics and health care utilization and lower respiratory tract infection. In particular, there data using attributable fractions from various were many pneumonia deaths among the elderly, and epidemiologic studies. The assumption that the a high percentage of those deaths (30%) were caused attributable fraction of the included syndromes for by this pathogen. The most common infection determine the number of episodes of each of the would not be common among nonproduced by E. Among hospitalized patients, skin and both deaths and incident cases) and the duration of oropharnygeal colonization with gram-negative each health state. Estimated burden We estimated annual averages of 600 deaths and with the majority of those deaths (80%) attributable vital statistics and health care utilization data using 451,268 health care utilization episodes attributable to E. A large number of septicaemia deaths attributable fractions from various epidemiologic to E. Health State Percentage of Duration Severity Episode Number of Number The bacterium possesses a range of virulence factors, Health State Weight Length* Episodes of Deaths and although carriage can be asymptomatic, it can Attributable to Staphylococcus also produce a range of serious illnesses. It is the Aureus number one pathogen associated with hospital37 38 Septicaemia 15. A vaccine is currently under 158,443 health care utilization episodes attributable limited by the numerous sources of uncertainty development. Tere was a slightly higher burden of arising from the assignment of non-specifc S. Due to the lack of used a syndrome-based approach to estimate disease number of pneumonia, septicaemia, endocarditis comprehensive population-based laboratory data in burden. Transmission from mother to child a syndrome-based approach to estimate disease can result in neonatal septicaemia (bloodstream burden. Ontario Burden of Infectious Disease Study Chapter 4 / Methods and Results by Infectious Agent Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion 46 Exhibit 4. Most of the disease attributable fractions from various epidemiologic burden afected neonates. The distribution of etiologic agents causing neonatal infections is known to be shifing over time (related to changing maternal screening and peripartum prophylaxis strategies in Canada between 1997 and 2004), so our reliance on epidemiologic studies to determine the attributable fraction may lead to overestimates of disease burden. Immune-mediated complications can afect incident cases) and the duration of each health state. Other common sites of invasive infection include the bone, joint, lung, and bloodstream. Some invasive infections can be accompanied by shock and multi-organ failure as manifested by Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. The burden of Group A Streptococcus was the assignment of non-specifc events in Ontario relatively equal between males and females. The organism is transmitted syndrome-based approach to estimate disease via respiratory droplets, and can produce infections burden. The introduction of vaccine against data to determine the number of episodes of each of the predominant serotype (serotype b) has led to the syndromes resulting from H. Ontario Burden of Infectious Disease Study Chapter 4 / Methods and Results by Infectious Agent Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences Ontario Agency for Health Protection and Promotion 50 Exhibit 4. Health State Percentage of Duration Severity Episode Number of Number of infuenzae. Additionally, epiglottitis was not considered as a health state in this analysis because a suitable etiologic study in the post H. It acquired its name in 1976 afer an outbreak empirically without identifying the causative that occurred at a war veteran convention of the pathogen. It is found in freshwater ponds, cases of legionellosis would severely underestimate cooling towers, swimming pools, air conditioning the burden of Legionella. It is not spread from persona syndrome-based approach to estimate disease to-person, but through mist droplets from its water burden. Mortality occurs from We used epidemiologic studies to determine the pneumonia and has been as high as 30% in previous percentage of pneumonia attributable to Legionella outbreaks.

Objective: To describe the prevalence and characteristics of stroke patients in Indonesia women's health issues developing countries purchase provera 10mg. Similar results were found by Suwanwela and colleagues in 2016 menstruation 21 days cycle cheap provera 10 mg on line, estimating the proportion of ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke in Indonesia to be 75% and 25% menopause kidney pain order provera with a visa, respectively menopause the musical detroit order provera 5 mg without a prescription. In a large prospective hospital-based study conducted in 1998 among 2,065 acute stroke patients from 28 hospitals across Indonesia, the mean age of the stroke patients was 58. The reasons for delayed admission were lack of recognition of stroke symptoms and long distance transportation. Conclusion/recommendations: Results show high prevalence of stroke of both haemorrhagic and ischaemic types and data indicating that patients presented late and had high rates of early mortality. Study 2 Settings/study design: Literature review Objective: To describe the healthcare systems for stroke management in Indonesia. Some rehabilitation services are available in large cities but few in rural and other regions. Findings: People with diabetes in Indonesia typically present late and often already suffering the complications of advanced diabetes such as kidney failure or visual problems. Increased funding for costeffective diabetes prevention and treatment is needed. While many of these units are poor and run-down, the government has been considering strengthening these centres and making diabetes care a focus. Only 6% had facilities to manage diabetic foot conditions, and only 21% were able to conduct diabetes education. The Government provides free insulin for children, but access to insulin is reportedly poor and often unavailable in primary care facilities. For diagnosing diabetes, only simple blood glucose measurement was available but not blood testing for HbA1c. Additionally, religious concerns among a predominantly Muslim population mean very few kidneys are available for transplant. Of the 92% receiving treatment for hypertension, only 6% had blood pressure below target (130/85mmHg) levels. Primary care has insufficient capacity to diagnose, monitor and manage complications of diabetes. The Burden of Cardiovascular Disease Attributable to Major Modifiable Risk Factors in Indonesia. Mortality in Central Java: results from the Indonesian Mortality Registration System Strengthening Project. Stroke mortality variations in SouthEast Asia: Empirical evidence from the field. Considerations in adopting a culturally relevant diabetes health education programme: An Indonesian example. Stroke in Indonesia: a first large prospective hospital-based study of acute stroke in 28 hospitals in Indonesia. Politics of National Health Insurance of Indonesia: A New Era of Universal Coverage. Challenges in the management of chronic noncommunicable diseases by Indonesian community pharmacists. Microalbuminuria prevalence study in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes in Indonesia. It does this by providing the best evidence to guide critical health decisions, targeting global epidemics particularly of chronic disease and injury, focusing on vulnerable populations in both high and low income countries, and engaging with decision makers to enact real change. A large amount of a lowpotassium food can Having too much potassium in your blood can cause: turn into a high-potassium food. Many restaurants have websites with Your doctor recommends eating less than: menus posted. Tomatoes are high in potassium, but pasta is served with many sauces that are not tomato-based. If you must select a dish with tomato In general, sauce, ask that it be served on the side. Food groups serving sizes Food groups serving sizes Meat, fsh or poultry Fruits Meats, poultry, fsh 1 oz cooked Fresh 1 small or 1/2 large Canned or frozen fruit 1/2 cup dairy Juices 4 oz or 1/2 cup Milk or milk substitute 4 oz or 1/2 cup Berries 1 cup 1 egg Egg Grapes, cherries 12 or 1/4 cup egg substitute Dried fruit 1/4 cup Cheese 1 oz Fats and oils grains Oils, margarine 1 teaspoon Cooked pasta, rice 1/3 cup Mayonnaise 1 tablespoon Cereal, cooked 1/2 cup Salad dressing 2 tablespoons Cereal, ready to eat 1 cup sweets Bread 1 slice Cookie 1 cookie Hamburger bun 1/2 bun Ice cream, sorbet, gelatin 1/2 cup vegetables Cake, 2 x 2 inches 1 piece Cooked 1/2 cup Fruit pie 1/6 of 8-inch pie Sugar, jelly, jam 1 tablespoon Raw 1 medium or 1 cup cut up nuts, seeds, and legumes Juices 4 oz or 1/2 cup Nuts 1/4 cup or 1 oz Dietitians who specialize in kidney disease can tell you how Seeds 2 tablespoons many servings from each food group you are allowed at each Legumes, dry beans, peas, cooked 1/2 cup meal. Depending on your diet prescription and preferences, you may be allowed to eat more than one. This event is not always death and not everyone will have experienced the event by the end point of the study. Censoring means that an individual has not experienced the event by the end of the study. Goldberg of the Department of Cardiology at the University of Massachusetts Medical School. A Kaplan-Meier plot displays survival probabilities (cumulative probability of an individual remaining alive/disease free etc at any time after baseline). The cumulative survival probability is the product of the survival probabilities up to that point in time. Select the log rank test option to test for a difference in survival between the groups We are interested in the difference between males and females so enter gender into the factor box. Survival analysis Maths and Statistics Help Centre Summary statistics for the two groups: the estimated mean time until death is 1907. In survival analysis the survival probabilities are usually reported at certain time points on the curve. The median time between admission for myocardial infarction and death is 2624 days for males compared to 1806 days for females. The next plot shows that the survival probability is lower for females at all time points so they are less likely to survive. The log rank test the log-rank test tests the hypothesis that there is no difference in survival times between the groups studied at all time points in the study. The log rank test compares the observed and expected number of events for each group using the same test statistic as the Chi-squared test although the calculations for the expected frequencies are different. The assumptions for the test are that the survival times are continuous or ordinal and that the ratio of the risk of the event happening in group 1 compared to the risk in group 2 remains constant (proportional hazards assumption). Survival analysis Maths and Statistics Help Centre the p-value (sig) is the probability of getting a test statistic of at least 3. Requesting a hazard plot within the plots options, gives the following plot: It is clear from the plot that the risk of dying increases with age. Survival analysis Maths and Statistics Help Centre For standard multiple regression the model produced is of the form y fi fi0 fi fi1x1 fi fi2x2 fi. To understand the effects of individual predictors, look at Exp(B), which is the hazard ratio and can be interpreted as the predicted change in the hazard for a unit increase in the predictor. For age group, the reference category is < 60 which means that all the other categories are compared to the group containing patients under the age of 60.

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