Katarzyna Jadwiga Macura, M.D., Ph.D.
- Assistant Director ICTR Imaging Translational Program
- Professor of Radiology and Radiological Science
https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/profiles/results/directory/profile/0015445/katarzyna-macura
Transabdominal ultrasound Transabdominal examination is performed with real-time gastritis diet 8 jam order zantac 300mg line, 2 hcg diet gastritis discount zantac online. Convex transducers are widely used gastritis y colitis buy zantac online now, although sectoral transducers may be better in some cases gastritis all fruit diet purchase zantac with amex, such as abundant subcutaneous fat or a pendulous abdomen. A full bladder is needed as an acous- tic window to displace the intervening bowel but also to decrease uterine physiological anteversion, bringing it into a better position for ultrasound scanning (Fig. Scant lling is unfavourable, but hyperdistention of the bladder must be avoided as well because the uterus and adnexa are compressed and displaced into a deep location far from the skin plane. Hyperhydration is also to be avoided, because some uid e usion may collect in the pelvis and simulate a disease state, and bowel loops may appear distended by uid. When appropriate bladder lling has been obtained, the operator performs lon- gitudinal scans along the cervix–fundus of uterus axis and transversal scans along axial planes. Hypogastric vessels are important landmarks for the ovaries, because they run back and lateral to them (Fig. If the uterus is retroverted, its fundus is situated in a back position, far from the transducer and with an adverse ultrasound incidence. Transabdominal (a) and transvaginal (b) examinations of the right adnexal region (di erent patients), showing the relation between the ovary and uterus (a) and the ovary and iliac vessels (b) a b Transvaginal ultrasound Transvaginal scanning is the best method for studying the uterus and adnexa. Unlike transabdominal scanning, where the bladder must be lled or the bowel opportunistically cleaned, in transvaginal scanning no particular preparation is requested. Moreover, a full bladder can displace or compress adja- cent organs, inducing distortions that can lead to an erroneous diagnosis. In this position, the Douglas cavity is no longer the most declivous site in the abdomen, so any free uid can move upwards and may not be detected; to avoid this, it is useful to bend the back by about 30°. Before the transducer is inserted into the vagina, its distal extremity should be spread with ultrasound gel and then tted into a sterile cover (a latex glove or a condom) also sprinkled with gel in order to aid ultrasound transmission and to lubricate the vaginal walls. Air bubbles should not be le between the transducer and the cover because they prevent ultrasound propagation. Should the condom break, and always at the end of each examination, the transducer should be sterilized and disinfected by bathing it in 2–3% glutaraldehyde and rinsed in sterile water. To observe the adnexa, the transducer should then be moved towards the lateral fornices and angled laterally. The decreased distance between the transducer and the structures being exam- ined, the possibility of using high-frequency transducers and the lack of interference from bowel gas make it possible to obtain better anatomical detail. Furthermore, transvaginal transducers allow a detailed colour Doppler examination, which Fig. Structures scanned by ultrasound during a pelvic transvaginal examination, on a sagittal scan 136 provides important functional information, either for monitoring physiological flow variations associated with ovulation or to recognize signs of malignant neo- angiogenesis and thus help characterize uterine or ovarian masses (Fig. A major limitation of transvaginal scanning is the lack of a panoramic view, prevent- ing adequate study of large masses and processes occupying space in the upper pelvis. Pulsed Doppler scans of the intramyometrial uterine arteries ((b), transverse plane of the uterine corpus) and venules ((c), sagittal plane) and of the intraovarian arterial branches (d). Note the higher velocities and arterial resistance for the uterine branches (a) compared with the intraparenchymal ovarian branches (d). It is situated medially to the Fallopian tubes, over the vagina and below the bowel loops. A circular narrowing in its inferior portion divides the uterus into two: the superior part is the uterine corpus and the inferior one is the uterine cervix, which 137 is shorter and cylindrical. It has a concave pro le at paediatric ages, is straight in nulliparous women and is convex in pluriparous women. In children, the uterine cervix is more prominent than the corpus, representing about three hs of the total uterine length. At puberty, the uterine corpus becomes larger and longer; and in adult women it is longer than the cervix. In pluriparous women, the corpus is even larger, and its length represents about three hs of the total. A er menopause, the uterus becomes atrophic, with maximum volumetric reduction in the rst 10 years. Uterine diameters at di erent ages Age Length (cm) Width (cm) Thickness (cm) Volume (ml) Prepuberty 1–3 0. When the bladder is filled (an indispensable condition for a transabdominal ultrasound scan), the uterus is pushed back, and the version and flexion angles increase (Fig. Altogether, the uterus has an intermediate homogeneous echo pattern; in some cases, small ectatic vessels are visible in the most external myometrium. In older women, minute hyperechoic spots with a circumferential disposition are sometimes identi able, representing parietal arteriolar calci cations. Within the uterine cervix, 139 small anechoic sub-centimetric formations, called Naboth cysts, can o en be seen, which are due to occlusion and stretching of cervical glands by their secretion. Endometrial thickness and ultrasound pattern Menstrual phase Hyperechoic, linear Proliferative phase Hypoechoic, 4–8 mm Periovulatory phase Three-layer stratified endometrium, 6–10 mm Secretory phase Hyperechoic, 7–14 mm Postmenopause Hyperechoic, thin < 5 mm Postmenopause with hormonal therapy Variable ultrasound patterns, thickness 4–8 mm In the menstrual phase, the endometrium is extremely thin, formed from only the basal layer, and appears as a hyperechoic line, due to the interface between the anterior and posterior uterine walls. In the proliferative phase, the endometrium becomes progressively thicker and shows three concentric layers, consisting from the centre to the exterior of a central hyperechoic stripe due to the interface of the two endometrial surfaces, a hypoechoic intermediate layer due to the physiologi- cally thickened functional stratum and an external echoic layer, which represents the basal stratum. Peripherally, there is a thin hypoechoic subendometrial halo, cor- responding to the inner, less vascularized part of the myometrium. In the secretory phase, the endometrium appears homogeneously hyperechoic, because of vascular changes and glandular hyperplasia (Fig. The endometrial thickness is about 5 mm in the early proliferative phase and reaches 10–12 mm in the ovulatory phase. After menopause, the endome- trium becomes atrophic and appears as a thin echoic stripe (maximum thickness, 3–4 mm) (Fig. Only scant fluid is sometimes found within the uterine cavity, due to transitory staunching of secretion; it has no pathological significance. The endometrial thickness at menopause is used to classify benign and malignant dis- eases: a value of 5 mm is commonly accepted as the threshold, under which it is pos- sible to exclude a tumoural pathology. For women of postmenopausal age who take hormonal therapy, varying patterns of endometrial thickening are seen, related to the type and phase of the hormonal treatment. On ultrasound scanning, the follicles appear as roundish or oval anechoic structures, with well- de ned borders. At paediatric ages, small follicles, measuring a few millimetres, can already be seen. In adult women, the ovary is an extremely dynamic structure, and its ultrasound pattern varies according to the phase of the cycle. Transvaginal scan of the ovary at day 13 of the menstrual cycle shows the dominant follicle as a rounded echo-free structure (about 15 mm in size). A er the follicle bursts and releases the oocyte, the residual cavity becomes virtual and partially occupied by haematic material, which is then replaced by proliferating thecal cells, thus forming the corpus luteum. In other cases, a larger, sometimes haemorrhagic luteal cyst forms but tends to resolve in subsequent cycles. Transvaginal scans show an inhomogeneous area within the left ovary (a), with peripheral vascular signals on power Doppler (b) and low-resistance ow on pulsed Doppler (c) a b c e ovarian structure and modi cation of the follicles during the menstrual cycle can be seen better with transvaginal transducers, although they can also be identi ed by transabdominal scanning. Appraisal of modi cations of ovarian struc- ture and follicles during the menstrual cycle is an integral part of gynaecological echographic examinations, because they give useful functional information. There is no internationally accepted definition of this syn- drome, and the criteria for its diagnosis have yet to be standardized. In its classic form, polycystic ovary syndrome is characterized by chronic anovulation, irregular menses and hyper- androgenism, which may be associated with hirsutism, acne, seborrhoea and obe- sity. Polycystic ovary syndrome is considered to be present when at least two of the following are present: oligo-amenorrhoea or anovulation; clinical or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism, in particular a ratio of luteinizing hormone: follicle-stimulating hormone > 2. Pelvic ultrasound can make a valuable contribution to the diagnosis of polycys- tic ovary syndrome, but it must be supplemented with a careful history and labora- tory work-up. Micropolycystic ovary, with increased stroma and microfollicles Abnormal ultrasound ndings are generally present in both ovaries. Recent reports suggest that the transvaginal approach is preferable to the transabdominal, when possible. A di erential diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome includes multifollicular ovaries, which are associated with the presence of normal or mildly enlarged ovaries containing multiple follicles (Fig. Unlike polycystic ovary syndrome, multifollicular ovaries are not associated with accentua- tion of the stromal component.
Impact of lower urinary tract symptoms on quality of life using Functional Assessment Cancer Therapy scale gastritis diet blog buy discount zantac 150mg online. Hormonal replacement therapy and urinary problems as evaluated by ultrasound and color Doppler gastritis diet jump cheap 300mg zantac visa. Transcript profiling of the androgen signal in normal prostate gastritis recovery zantac 150mg mastercard, benign prostatic hyperplasia gastritis acid reflux diet zantac 300 mg overnight delivery, and prostate cancer. Management of inguinal hernia with benign prostatic hyperplasia: simultaneous inguinal hernioplasty with transurethral resection of prostate. A guide to undertaking economic evaluations within randomized controlled trials of treatments for lower urinary tract symptoms. The selectivity and specificity of the actions of the lipido- sterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon) on the prostate. P504S immunohistochemical detection in 405 prostatic specimens including 376 18-gauge needle biopsies. Renal cancer and malformations in relatives of patients with Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Differences in stress response between patients undergoing transurethral resection versus endoscopic laser ablation of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Identification of genes involved in estrogenic action in the human prostate using microarray analysis. Detrusor resistive index evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography as a potential indicator of bladder outlet obstruction. Comparison of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, cephadroxil and cefprozil as prophylaxis for recurrent urinary tract infections in children. Role of microsomal retinol/sterol dehydrogenase-like short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases in the oxidation and epimerization of 3alpha-hydroxysteroids in human tissues. Neuromodulation by implant for treating lower urinary tract symptoms and dysfunction. The effect of combined androgen ablation on the expression of alpha1A-adrenergic receptor in the human prostate. Detection of prostate-specific antigen coupled to immunoglobulin M in prostate cancer patients. Safety of kidney biopsy in pediatric transplantation: a report of the Controlled Clinical Trials in Pediatric Transplantation Trial of Induction Therapy Study Group. Quinazoline-derived alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists induce prostate cancer cell apoptosis via an alpha1-adrenoceptor-independent action. Brief communication: Better ways to question patients about adverse medical events: a randomized, controlled trial. The effect of pressure from the table top and patient position on pelvic organ location in patients with prostate cancer. A multivariate analysis of lower urinary tract ageing and urinary symptoms: the role of fibrosis. Vascular damage induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Vascular damage as a risk factor for benign prostatic hyperplasia and erectile dysfunction. Vascular resistance in the prostate evaluated by colour Doppler ultrasonography: is benign prostatic hyperplasia a vascular disease. Suprapubic electroresection of prostate in three patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and previous surgery for long urethral stricture. Increased growth factor production in a human prostatic stromal cell culture model caused by hypoxia. Safer transurethral resection of the prostate: coagulating intermittent cutting reduces hemostatic complications. Treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia with beta- sitosterol: an 18-month follow-up. Appropriate antibiotic use according to diagnoses and bacteriological findings: report of 12 point-prevalence studies on antibiotic use in a university hospital. The intravesical potassium sensitivity test and urodynamics: implications in a large cohort of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms. Anomalies of the distal ureter, bladder, and urethra in children: embryologic, radiologic, and pathologic features. Hematoma into peritoneum following transrectal echo-guide prostate biopsy inducing lower abdominal and urinary tract symptoms. Serum pneumoproteins and biomarkers of exposure to urban air pollution: a cross-sectional comparison of policemen and foresters. Color Doppler sonographic appearance of renal perforating vessels in subjects with normal and impaired renal function. Chemoprevention of human prostate cancer by oral administration of green tea catechins in volunteers with high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia: a preliminary report from a one-year proof-of-principle study. Correlations between hormones, physical, and affective parameters in aging urologic outpatients. Finasteride and doxazosin alone or in combination for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Testosterone therapy in adult men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. Novel method for the isolation and characterisation of the putative prostatic stem cell. Re: General surgery units, asymptomatic gallstones and benign prostatic hypertrophy. In vitro assessment of the efficacy of thermal therapy in human benign prostatic hyperplasia. Role of free to total prostate specific antigen ratio in serum in the diagnosis of prostatic enlargement. Long-term effects of spironolactone on proteinuria and kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease. Long-term outcomes in children treated by prenatal vesicoamniotic shunting for lower urinary tract obstruction. Overcoming reduced hepatic and renal perfusion caused by positive-pressure pneumoperitoneum. How pregnancy influences renal function in nephropathic type 1 diabetic women depends on their pre-conceptional creatinine clearance. Prostate elastosis: a microscopic feature useful for the diagnosis of postatrophic hyperplasia. Pathophysiological aspects of nocturia in a danish population of men and women age 60 to 80 years. Polymorphic forms of prostate specific antigen and their interaction with androgen receptor trinucleotide repeats in prostate cancer. Telomerase as a new target for the treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Serum total and free prostate- specific antigen for breast cancer diagnosis in women. Current trends in lower urinary tract health highlights from annual advances in genitourinary health: a scientific update. Does the method of cystometry affect the incidence of involuntary detrusor contractions? The pathophysiology of lower urinary tract symptoms after brachytherapy for prostate cancer. The role of anticholinergics in men with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Transurethral resection of the prostate: failure patterns and surgical outcomes in patients with symptoms refractory to alpha-antagonists. Urodynamic testing predicts long-term urological complications following simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation. Muscarinic M3 acetylcholine receptor immunostaining in paraffin-embedded normal and neoplastic prostatic gland tissue. Normal voiding patterns and determinants of increased diurnal and nocturnal voiding frequency in elderly men. Health status and its correlates among Dutch community-dwelling older men with and without lower urogenital tract dysfunction.
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Brominated flame retardants and phenolic endocrine disrupters in Finnish human adipose tissue gastritis diet 4 you purchase zantac in india. Mass spectral confirmation of chlorinated and brominated diphenyl ethers in human adipose tissues chronic gastritis yahoo answers discount zantac 150 mg without prescription. Instrumental methods and challenges in quantifying polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental extracts: A review gastritis diet discount zantac. Comparing polybrominated diphenyl ether and polychlorinated biphenyl bioaccumulation in a food web in Grand Bay gastritis diet buy zantac 300mg on line, Lake Michigan. Debromination of the flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether by juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio) following dietary exposure. Toxicokinetics of polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners 47, 99, 100, and 153 in mice. Concentrations and spatial variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and other organohalogen compounds in Great Lakes air. Extent and mechanisms of brominated flame retardant emissions from waste soft furnishings and fabrics: A critical review. Declines in polybrominated diphenyl ether contamination of San Francisco Bay following production phase-outs and bans. A rapid method for the estimation of the environmental parameters octanol/water partition coefficient, soil sorption constant, water to air, and water solubility. Enhancement of fecal excretion of polychlorinated biphenyls by the addition of rice bran fiber to the diet in rats. In utero and lactational exposures to low doses of polybrominated diphenyl ether-47 alter the reproductive system and thyroid gland of female rat offspring. Ultrastructural changes observed in rat ovaries following in utero and lactational exposure to low doses of a polybrominated flame retardant. Exposure to persistent organic pollutants in utero and related maternal characteristics on birth outcomes: A multivariate data analysis approach. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soils, sediments, and human hair in a plastic waste recycling area: A neglected heavily polluted area. Chemically induced alterations in sexual and functional development: the wildlife/human connection. Changes in concentrations of perfluorinated compounds, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and polychlorinated biphenyls in Norwegian breast-milk during twelve months of lactation. Brominated flame retardants in plasma samples from three different occupational groups in Norway. Apparent half-lives of hepta- to decabrominated diphenyl ethers in human serum as determined in occupationally exposed workers. Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers and male reproductive function in Greenland, Poland and Ukraine. Reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in anaerobic sediment and a biomimetic system. Total consumer exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in North America and Europe. Persistent organic pollutants and biomarkers of diabetes risk in a cohort of Great Lakes sport caught fish consumers. Reconnaissance of contaminants in selected wastewater-treatment-plant effluent and stormwater runoff entering the Columbia River, Columbia River Basin, Washington and Oregon, 2008 10. Exploring the potential association between brominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, perfluorinated compounds, phthalates, and bisphenol A in polycystic ovary syndrome: A case-control study. Steroid hormone related effects of marine persistent organic pollutants in human H295R adrenocortical carcinoma cells. Hormone synthesis and storage in the thyroid of human preterm and term newborns: Effect of thyroxine treatment. Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers 203 and 206 during the neonatal brain growth spurt affects proteins important for normal neurodevelopment in mice. Investigations of strain and/or gender differences in developmental neurotoxic effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in mice. Neonatal exposure to higher brominated diphenyl ethers, hepta-, octa-, or nonabromodiphenyl ether, impairs spontaneous behavior and learning and memory functions of adult mice. In vitro assessment of potential mechanism-specific effects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Polybromodiphenyl ethers in mothers and their newborns from a non-occupationally exposed population (Valencia, Spain). Inductions of rat liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 by the pentabromo diphenyl ether bromkal 70 and half-lives of its components in the adipose tissue. Maternal-fetal transfer of thyroxine in congenital hypothyroidism due to a total organification defect or thyroid agenesis. Prenatal polybrominated diphenyl ether and perfluoroalkyl substance exposures and executive function in school-age children. Prenatal polybrominated diphenyl ether exposure and body mass index in children up to 8 years of age. Menstrual cycle perturbation by organohalogens and elements in the Cree of James Bay, Canada. Hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers and bisphenol A in pregnant women and their matching fetuses: Placental transfer and potential risks. Origin of hydroxylated brominated diphenyl ethers: Natural compounds or man-made flame retardants? Comparative tissue distribution, biotransformation and associated biological effects by decabromodiphenyl ethane and decabrominated diphenyl ether in male rats after a 90-day oral exposure study. Tissue distribution and associated toxicological effects of decabrominated diphenyl ether in subchronically exposed male rats. Exposure of pregnant women to persistent organic pollutants and cord sex hormone levels. Confirmation of the presence of the flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ether in river sediment from Osaka, Japan. Polybrominated biphenyl ethers in marine fish, shellfish and river and marine sediments in Japan. Polybrominated and mixed polybromo/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans in the Japanese environment. Effects of tetrabromobisphenol A, a brominated flame retardant, on the immune response to respiratory syncytial virus infection in mice. Functional disorder of primary immunity responding to respiratory syncytial virus infection in offspring mice exposed to a flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether, perinatally. Glomerular filtration rate, effective renal blood flow, and maximal tubular excretory capacity in infancy. Polyhalogenated hydrocarbon induced perturbation of intracellular calcium homeostasis: From astrocytes to human macrophages. Brominated flame retardants and other persistent organohalogenated compounds in relation to timing of puberty in a longitudinal study of girls. Brominated flame retardants and other persistent organohalogenated compounds in relation to timing of puberty in a longitudinal study of girls. Comparison of flow cytometry- and microscopy-based methods for measuring micronucleated reticulocyte frequencies in rodents treated with nongenotoxic and genotoxic chemicals. Bounding uncertainties in intrinsic human elimination half-lives and intake of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the North American population. Dermal uptake from airborne organics as an important route of human exposure to e-waste combustion fumes. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in umbilical cord blood and relevant factors in neonates from Guiyu, China. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human placenta associated with neonatal physiological development at a typical e-waste recycling area in China. Elevated serum polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alteration of thyroid hormones in children from Guiyu, China. Determination of decabromodiphenyl ether in water and sediment samples by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Spatial learning and memory deficit of low level polybrominated diphenyl ethers-47 in male adult rat is modulated by intracellular glutamate receptors. Assessment of the bioaccessibility of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in foods and the correlations of the bioaccessibility with nutrient contents.
One call is a red-shouldered hawk call; the other call is a great horned owl call gastritis diet 150 mg zantac with amex. The response we measure is the time until the nesting hawks leave the nest to drive off the intruder gastritis diet discount zantac 300 mg with visa. There are twenty subjects—ten randomly selected males and ten randomly selected females—from a large food science class gastritis binge eating cheap zantac 300 mg amex. At the four sessions they receive two low-fiber muffins and two high-fiber muffins in random order 7 day gastritis diet buy 300mg zantac otc. Part of the certification process for bank examiners involves a work basket of tasks that the exami- nee must complete in a satisfactory fashion in a fixed time period. New work baskets must be constructed for each round of examinations, and much effort is expended to make the workbaskets comparable (in terms of average score) from exam to exam. We have ten paid examinees (1 through 6 are certified bank ex- aminers, 7 through 9 are noncertified bank examiners nearing the end of their 13. We anticipate differences between the examinees and the graders; our interest is in the exams, which were randomized so that each examinee took each exam and each grader grades two of each exam. We want to know if either or both of the new exams are equivalent to the old exams. Student Grader 1 2 3 4 5 1 68 D 65 A 76 E 74 C 76 B 2 68 A 77 E 84 B 65 D 75 C 3 73 C 85 B 72 D 68 E 62 A 4 74 E 76 C 57 A 79 B 64 D 5 80 B 71 D 76 C 59 A 68 E 6 69 D 75 E 81 B 68 A 68 C 7 60 C 62 D 62 E 66 B 40 A 8 70 B 55 A 62 C 57 E 40 D 9 61 E 67 C 53 A 63 D 69 B 10 37 A 53 B 31 D 48 C 33 E An experiment was conducted to see how variety of soybean and crop Problem 13. These varieties are each used in four different 5- year rotation patterns with corn. The rotation patterns are (1) four years of corn and then soybeans (C-C-C-C-S), (2) three years of corn and then two years of soybeans (C-C-C-S-S), (3) soybean and corn alternation (S-C-S-C- S), and (4) five years of soybeans (S-S-S-S-S). The first group of eight plots at each location was randomly assigned to the variety- rotation treatments in 1983. The response of interest is the weight (g) of 100 random seeds from soy- bean plants (data from Whiting 1990). There were sixteen varieties of soybeans and three weed treatments: no herbicide, apply herbicide 2 weeks after planting the soybeans, and apply herbicide 4 weeks after planting the soybeans. Variety R StP R StP R StP Parker 750 1440 1630 890 3590 740 Lambert 870 550 3430 2520 6850 1620 M89-792 1090 130 2930 570 3710 3600 Sturdy 1110 400 1310 2060 2680 1510 Ozzie 1150 370 1730 2420 4870 1700 M89-1743 1210 430 6070 2790 4480 5070 M89-794 1330 190 1700 1370 3740 610 M90-1682 1630 200 2000 880 3330 3030 M89-1946 1660 230 2290 2210 3180 2640 Archer 2210 1110 3070 2120 6980 2210 M89-642 2290 220 1530 390 3750 2590 M90-317 2320 330 1760 680 2320 2700 M90-610 2480 350 1360 1680 5240 1510 M88-250 2480 350 1810 1020 6230 2420 M89-1006 2430 280 2420 2350 5990 1590 M89-1926 3120 260 1360 1840 5980 1560 Analyze these data for the effects of herbicide and variety. An experi- ment was performed to study how the orientation of the embryo during expo- sure to cytokinin and the type of growth medium after exposure to cytokinin affect the rate of vitrification. There are six treatments, which are the fac- torial combinations of orientation (standard and experimental) and medium (three kinds). On a given day, the experimenters extract embryos from white pine seeds and randomize them to the six treatments. The embryos are ex- posed using the selected orientation for 1 week, and then go onto the selected medium. The response is the fraction of shoots that are normal (data from David Zle- sak): Medium 1 Medium 2 Medium 3 Exp. The over- all objective of this phase of the program was to determine how these vari- 352 Complete Block Designs ables affect azimuth error (that is, side to side as opposed to distance) in the rocket impacts. Twenty-seven rockets are grouped into nine sets of three, which are then assigned to the nine factor-level com- binations in random order. The three rockets in a group are fired all at once in a single volley, and the azimuth error recorded. Treatments 2 through 5 contain alfalfa meal type 22; treatments 6 through 9 contain alfalfa meal type 27. Treatments are separately randomized to pens grouped 1–9, 10–18, 19–27, and so on. The response is average daily weight gain per bird for birds aged 7 to 14 days in g/day (data from Turgay Ergul): 13. We choose eight substrate loca- tions and measure the length of the substrates at those eight locations on the seven substrates. Laminate Location 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 28 20 23 29 44 45 43 2 11 20 27 31 33 38 36 3 26 26 14 17 41 36 36 4 23 26 18 21 36 36 39 5 20 21 30 28 45 31 33 6 16 19 24 23 33 32 39 7 37 43 49 33 53 49 32 8 04 09 13 17 39 29 32 Analyze these data to determine the effect of location. In this experiment, four trees (Dipterocarpus kerrii) will be tapped seven times each. Each of the tappings will be treated with a dif- ferent strength of sulfuric acid (0, 2. Each location was divided into four plots, and trees were planted at densities of 185, 90, 70, and 0 trees per hectare. Data are the yields of coffee (kg of fresh berries per hectare) for the 1994-95 cropping season (data from Amoah, Osei-Bonsu, and Oppong 1997): Location 185 90 70 0 1 3107 2092 2329 2017 2 1531 2101 1519 1766 3 2167 2428 2160 1967 Analyze these data to determine the effect of tree density on coffee produc- tion. Twenty-four judges will rate both types of chips; twelve judges will rate the chips in the order regular fat, then reduced fat; and the other twelve will have the order reduced fat, then regular fat. We anticipate judge to judge differences and possible differences between the first and second chips tasted. The response is a liking scale, with higher scores indicating greater liking (data from Monica Coulter): 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 A first 8 5 7 8 7 7 4 9 8 7 7 7 B second 6 6 8 8 4 7 8 9 9 7 5 3 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 B first 4 6 6 7 6 4 8 6 7 6 8 7 A second 7 8 7 8 4 8 7 7 7 8 8 8 Analyze these data to determine if there is a difference in liking between the two kinds of potato chips. Give a heuristic argument, based on randomization, suggesting why your relationship is true. The inspector general is coming, and an officer wishes to arrange some Question 13. The officer is trying to arrange 36 soldiers for inspection in a six by six square with one soldier from each state-rank-gender combination. Furthermore, the idea is to arrange the soldiers so that no matter which rank or file (row or column) is inspected by the general, the general will see someone from each of the six states, one woman of each rank, and one man of each rank. Incomplete block appear in an designs also group units into blocks, but the blocks do not have enough units incomplete block to accommodate all the treatments. Incomplete block designs share with complete block designs the advan- tage of variance reduction due to blocking. The drawback of incomplete block designs is that they do not provide as much information per experi- Incomplete blocks mental unit as a complete block design with the same error variance. Thus less efficient than complete blocks are preferred over incomplete blocks when both can be con- complete blocks structed with the same error variance. If each subject can only be used during one treatment period, then we must use one brand of drop in the left eye and another brand in the right eye. We are forced into incomplete blocks of size two, because our subjects have only two eyes. Suppose that we have three subjects that receive brands (A and B), (A and C), and (B and C) respectively. How can we estimate the expected difference in responses between two treatments, say A and B? We can get some infor- mation from subject 1 by taking the difference of the A and B responses; the 358 Incomplete Block Designs subject effect will cancel in this difference. We can also get an estimate of A-B by subtracting the B-C difference in subject three from the A-C difference in subject two. Thus the incomplete block design has more variance in its estimates of treatment differences than does the complete block design with the same variance and number of units. Several of the incomplete block designs given in this chapter have balanced in their name. It is important to realize that these designs are not balanced in the sense that all block and factor-level combinations occur equally often. Rather they are balanced using somewhat looser criteria that will be described later. Two general classes of incomplete block designs are resolvable designs Resolvable and connected designs. A resolvable design is one in which the blocks can be arranged into replications r groups, with each group representing a complete set of treatments. Resolv- able designs can make management of experiments simpler, because each replication can be run at a different time or a different location, or entire replications can be dropped if the need arises. A design is disconnected if you can separate the treatments into two Connected groups, with no treatment from the first group ever appearing in the same designs can block with a treatment from the second group. You cannot estimate all treatment differences in a disconnected differences design; in particular, you cannot estimate differences between treatments in different groups.